Which of the following best describes sectionalism in the United States?

The concept of sectionalism in the United States refers to the growing divide and loyalty individuals felt towards their specific regions or states, often at the expense of national unity. This phenomenon became particularly pronounced during the 19th century, leading up to the Civil War, as different regions of the country developed distinct economic interests, social structures, and cultural identities.

Stronger loyalty to state or regional interests over national interests reflects how various areas prioritized their local needs and concerns. For instance, the North's industrial economy was in stark contrast to the South's agrarian economy that relied heavily on slavery. These regional differences fostered a sense of allegiance to local identities, which often clashed with national policies and ideas. As a result, issues such as tariffs, slavery, and states' rights became points of contention, further emphasizing the division rather than a unified national perspective.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately capture the essence of sectionalism. The idea of a uniformity of beliefs across the nation directly contradicts the notion of sectionalism, as it implies a lack of division. The development of a national identity suggests unity and shared values, which sectionalism opposes. Finally, a shared commitment to civil rights, while a significant aspect of American history,